Oriental medicine, also known locally as Korean traditional medicine (韓醫學), stands as Korea's enduring traditional healing practice, enriched through centuries of cultural exchange with traditional medicine prevalent across East Asia, notably influenced by Chinese medicine. In the contemporary context, Oriental medicine remains an integral part of healthcare systems in East Asian countries, including Korea, where it is often formally integrated into medical practices. However, in many other regions, it is commonly classified as alternative medicine.

At the core of Korean traditional medicine are foundational principles rooted in Chinese character culture, particularly emphasizing the concepts of Meridian and Yin-Yang. The theory of meridians elucidates the intricate network of energy pathways, asserting that vital energy flows through specific points (穴) in the human body. Concurrently, the Yin-Yang theory embodies a philosophical framework of natural harmony, originating from the Yin-Yang school within the vast spectrum of Chinese philosophical teachings.

Traditionally, Korean traditional medicine perceives the human body as a microcosm, interpreting physiological phenomena as reflections of natural occurrences. In stark contrast to the positivist approach of modern medicine, which revolves around anatomy and cell biochemistry, Oriental medicine adopts a natural philosophical perspective when studying the human body and its ailments.

Central to the philosophy of Korean traditional medicine is the belief that diseases manifest when an individual's energy, often described as positive energy, weakens, rendering them susceptible to malevolent forces. The therapeutic focus of Oriental medicine lies in fortifying this energy to enhance the body's innate defense mechanisms.

In essence, while modern medicine delves into the intricacies of biological processes, Korean traditional medicine embraces a holistic worldview, treating the individual as an interconnected entity with nature. Through its rich historical lineage and enduring relevance, Korean traditional medicine continues to offer a distinctive approach to health and well-being, shaping the landscape of healthcare practices in East Asia.

Names by Language:

Traditionally, the term 'Korean traditional medicine' was denoted as 'oriental medicine (漢醫學),' with 'Hansu/Han dynasty (漢)' characterizing its Chinese roots. However, in contemporary times, South Korea recognizes that its traditional medicine has evolved independently, distinct from traditional Chinese medicine. Consequently, the official notation has shifted to 'Korean Han (韓),' leading to the adoption of the term 'Korean traditional medicine.'

This transition encompasses all facets of traditional medicine, including clinics and herbal practices, now referred to as 'Korean traditional medicine.' Nonetheless, the term 'oriental medicine (漢醫學)' persists, especially in a global context, when describing the broader traditional medicine of East Asia rather than exclusively Korean practices.

Korean traditional medicine stands out for its unique approach to understanding the human body's physiology and pathology, rooted in the profound philosophical theories of yin-yang, the five elements, and the meridian system. These foundational principles were initially articulated in the Emperor's Internal Classics, forming a comprehensive framework that has endured over time. Central to Korean traditional medicine is the perspective that regards the human body as a microcosm, highlighting the intricate interplay between nature and the human form. Rather than isolating individual body parts, Korean traditional medicine emphasizes the holistic observation of relationships within the body.

The theory of yin-yang and the five elements serves as a conceptual tool in Korean traditional medicine, elucidating the organic relationships within the human body. This theoretical framework is not merely abstract but is grounded in experiential insights gained through centuries of practice.

Diagnostic methods in Korean traditional medicine encompass four essential tasks: observation of the patient, interviewing (through conversation), listening (to smells and voices), and direct examination (physical touch). These practices collectively yield vital information for accurate disease diagnosis.

The diagnostic process involves a meticulous examination of the organs represented by the five organs and six organs, as well as the meridians linking them. Practitioners seek to understand the specific location and nature of problems within the functional elements of the organs and meridians, including energy, blood, and essence. The focus extends to discerning the balance between the internal and external aspects of the human body and identifying deficiencies when organs or substances fail to perform their functions.

The dialectic of Korean traditional medicine, rooted in experiential knowledge, finds its origins in ancient texts such as the 신농본초경 which documented observations after directly consuming medicinal herbs. Notably, the 상한론, a major classic alongside the 황제내경, delves into symptom analysis and prescribes corresponding treatments based on accumulated experience. Interestingly, this text provides minimal information on the yin-yang and five elements, highlighting the nuanced and experience-driven nature of Korean traditional medicine.

Acupuncture, a distinctive feature of Korean traditional medicine not found in other cultures, involves treating specific points by stimulating them without causing bleeding, setting it apart from conventional medical practices. The acupuncture-moxibustion method, championed by Kim Nam-soo and its proponents, asserts the exclusivity of Korean traditional medicine by eliminating non-literature-based traditional practices. While this theory shares similarities with the popularized Japanese colonial-era acupuncture-moxibustion method, certain practices, such as using moxibustion on Baekhoe, are deemed taboo within existing Korean traditional medicine theories, prompting reflection on its alignment with traditional medicine.

Critics question whether these practices can be unequivocally labeled as traditional medicine, particularly considering the similarity with other traditional medicinal approaches. The defense often hinges on the absence of fatal side effects over the course of widespread practice, supported by the argument, 'If there were significant issues, would it have endured through the ages?' Yet, skepticism arises when evaluating the historical licensing of Korean traditional medicine based on yin-yang ideas without modern verification.

Divergent opinions contend that indiscriminate acceptance of traditional medicine claims could pose safety risks for Korean traditional medicine practitioners. While immediate side effects may be observed, there are concerns about latent problems emerging over time, potentially altering one's constitution negatively. For instance, the application of heat to Baekhoe, believed to be a gathering point for the body's yang energy, may lead to long-term reductions in intelligence and the accumulation of heat, resulting in various health issues.

The nuanced debate highlights the need for caution and discernment in integrating traditional practices into contemporary healthcare. While certain aspects of Korean traditional medicine may seem unconventional or challenging to validate, careful consideration of safety concerns and potential long-term effects is crucial for practitioners and patients alike. It acknowledges that while some practices in ancient Korean traditional medicine books may seem nonsensical, they often carry underlying reasons cautioning against certain actions.

The emergence of Sasang medicine marked a pivotal moment when Korean traditional medicine charted its distinctive course apart from Chinese and Japanese oriental medicine. Notably diverging from existing medical systems, Sasang medicine is characterized by its profound reliance on yin-yang theory and Confucian thinking rather than theoretical science or logic. It notably omits the traditional application of the theory of the five elements within the realm of Oriental medicine.

Despite being a relatively recent addition, established only a century ago, Sasang medicine's departure from conventional diagnostic methods and its historical origins pose challenges to its widespread acceptance as an established fact in modern practice. Consequently, the level of endorsement for Sasang medicine varies significantly among Korean traditional medicine practitioners. Some completely eschew Sasang medicine, adhering solely to traditional prescriptions, while others elevate it to a paramount position, rendering it one of the most contentious areas within Oriental medicine.

This divergence in acceptance underscores the ongoing debate within the Korean traditional medicine community, raising questions about the legitimacy and applicability of Sasang medicine in contemporary healthcare. As the discourse evolves, practitioners grapple with the tension between traditional wisdom and the imperative for evidence-based approaches, further shaping the complex landscape of Oriental medicine in Korea.

Chuna therapy, rooted in American chiropractic and osteopathy, employs the technique of pushing and pulling to address various aspects of the human body's well-being. Notably, this therapeutic approach has fostered a robust relationship between the American and Korean Spine and Neurology Associations and Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine. Regular interactions between these entities underscore the global nature of Chuna therapy's evolution.

The ties between Chuna therapy and American osteopathy are further emphasized by its acknowledgment as continuing education for Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) at Michigan State University. The recent development of its official recognition as a continuing education subject by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA), representing Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine throughout the United States, adds a significant layer of international recognition and acceptance to this therapeutic modality.

This convergence of American and Korean medical associations, coupled with formal recognition by esteemed educational institutions, reflects the growing global prominence of Chuna therapy. As it seamlessly integrates traditional principles with modern practices, Chuna therapy stands as a testament to the interconnectedness of healthcare approaches worldwide. For a more comprehensive understanding of Chuna therapy, please refer to the dedicated document.